TY  - JOUR
AU  - Valdes, Daniela
AU  - Shanker, Ankit
AU  - Hijazi, Ghofran
AU  - Mensah, Daniel Opoku
AU  - Bockarie, Tahir
AU  - Lazar, Ioana
AU  - Ibrahim, Siti Aishah
AU  - Zolfagharinia, Hamid
AU  - Procter, Rob
AU  - Spencer, Rachel
AU  - Dale, Jeremy
AU  - Paule, Armina
AU  - Medlin, Liam Jonathon
AU  - Tharuvara Kallottil, Keerthana
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/2/28
TI  - Global Evidence on the Sustainability of Telemedicine in Outpatient and Primary Care During the First 2 Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review Using the Nonadoption, Abandonment, Scale-Up, Spread, and Sustainability (NASSS) Framework
JO  - Interact J Med Res
SP  - e45367
VL  - 14
KW  - pandemic
KW  - primary care
KW  - outpatients
KW  - telemedicine
KW  - ambulatory care
KW  - global health
KW  - patient experience
KW  - NASSS
KW  - clinician-patient relationship
KW  - health inequalities
KW  - gray literature
KW  - PRISMA
AB  - Background: The rapid implementation of telemedicine during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic raises questions about the sustainability of this intervention at the global level. Objective: This research examines the patient experience, health inequalities, and clinician-patient relationship in telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic’s first 2 years, aiming to identify sustainability factors. Methods: This study was based on a prepublished protocol using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews. We included academic and gray literature published between March 2020 and March 2022 according to these criteria: (1) population (any group); (2) concepts (patient experience, clinician-patient relationship, health inequalities); (3) context (telemedicine in primary and outpatient care); (4) excluding studies pertaining to surgery, oncology, and (inpatient) psychiatry. We searched Ovid Medline/PubMed (January 1, 2022), Web of Science (March 19, 2022), Google/Google Scholar (February and March 2022), and others. The risk of bias was not assessed as per guidance. We used an analysis table for the studies and color-coded tabular mapping against a health care technology adoption framework to identify sustainability (using double-blind extraction). Results: Of the 134 studies that met our criteria, 49.3% (66/134) reported no specific population group. Regarding the concepts, 41.8% (56/134) combined 2 of the concepts studied. The context analysis identified that 56.0% (75/134) of the studies referred to, according to the definition in the United Kingdom, an outpatient (ambulatory care) setting, and 34.3% (46/134) referred to primary care. The patient experience analysis reflected positive satisfaction and sustained access during lockdowns. The clinician-patient relationship impacts were nuanced, affecting interaction and encounter quality. When mapping to the nonadoption, abandonment, scale-up, spread, and sustainability (NASSS) framework, 81.3% (109/134) of the studies referenced the innovation’s sustainability. Although positive overall, there were some concerns about sustainability based on quality, eHealth literacy, and access to health care for vulnerable migrants and the uninsured. Conclusions: We identified confusion between the concepts of patient experience and patient satisfaction; therefore, future research could focus on established frameworks to qualify the patient experience across the whole pathway and not just the remote encounter. As expected, our research found mainly descriptive analyses, so there is a need for more robust evidence methods identifying impacts of changes in treatment pathways. This study illustrates modern methods to decolonize academic research by using gray literature extracts in other languages. We acknowledge that the use of Google to identify gray literature at the global level and in other languages has implications on reproducibility. We did not consider synchronous text-based communication. Trial Registration: Open Science Framework 4z5ut; https://osf.io/4z5ut/ 
SN  - 1929-073X
UR  - https://www.i-jmr.org/2025/1/e45367
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2196/45367
DO  - 10.2196/45367
ID  - info:doi/10.2196/45367
ER  -