TY  - JOUR
AU  - Del Moral Trinidad, Luis Eduardo
AU  - González Hernández, Luz Alicia
AU  - Andrade Villanueva, Jaime Federico
AU  - Martínez-Ayala, Pedro
AU  - Valle Rodríguez, Adriana
AU  - Ruíz Herrera, Vida Veronica
AU  - Vizcaíno Résendiz, José Adán
AU  - Herrera Godina, Melva Guadalupe
AU  - Dominguez-Lara, Sergio
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/1/7
TI  - Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) for People Living With HIV in a National Hospital in Mexico: Instrument Validation Study
JO  - Interact J Med Res
SP  - e59562
VL  - 14
KW  - treatment adherence
KW  - HIV
KW  - Mexico
KW  - validation
KW  - Spanish
KW  - Hispanic
KW  - cross sectional
KW  - surveys
KW  - questionnaires
KW  - scales
KW  - adherence
KW  - viral load
KW  - sexually transmitted infection
KW  - STI
KW  - drugs
KW  - pharmacotherapy
KW  - medication
KW  - simplified medication adherence questionnaire
KW  - SMAQ
AB  - Background: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is a critical component in achieving viral suppression in people living with HIV in addition to increasing overall quality of life. Several indirect methods have been used to measure adherence including the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ). Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of the SMAQ in men living with HIV/AIDS attending a Mexican national hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical design study was carried out in a Mexican National Hospital in Jalisco, including men aged >18 years with at least 3 months of antiretroviral treatment, excluding those with cognitive difficulties in answering the survey. A minimum sample size was calculated to detect the contribution of the variables within the model. The analysis included descriptive tests, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity assessment, correlation between adherence and viral load, and association between viral load and adherence. Results: The final analysis included a total of 260 patients with a mean age of 43 (SD 12) years and an average of 8.97 (SD 6.33) years on antiretroviral treatment. The SMAQ showed sufficient structural validity (comparative fit index=1, root-mean-square error of approximation=0, 90% CI 0-0.085) with satisfactory factor loadings on most questions except item 2 (Do you always take your medication at the prescribed time?). The reliability of the scale is acceptable (Cronbach α=0.702, ω=0.718). Adherence correlated with viral load significantly but not with recent TCD4 lymphocyte levels. Patients classified as adherent were three times more likely to be undetectable than nonadherent patients (odds ratio 3.31, 95% CI 1.13-9.64, P=.04). Conclusions: The SMAQ represents an adequate tool to assess adherence in men living with HIV in the Mexican context, this will contribute to this study and compression of adherence to establish future intervention programs. 
SN  - 1929-073X
UR  - https://www.i-jmr.org/2025/1/e59562
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2196/59562
UR  - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39773472
DO  - 10.2196/59562
ID  - info:doi/10.2196/59562
ER  -