This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Digital Health, Telehealth and e-Innovation in Clinical Settings (340) Information Retrieval (271)

Published on in Vol 3, No 1 (2014): Jan-Mar

Speed and Accuracy of a Point of Care Web-Based Knowledge Resource for Clinicians: A Controlled Crossover Trial

Speed and Accuracy of a Point of Care Web-Based Knowledge Resource for Clinicians: A Controlled Crossover Trial

Speed and Accuracy of a Point of Care Web-Based Knowledge Resource for Clinicians: A Controlled Crossover Trial

Authors of this article:

David A Cook1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Felicity Enders3 ;   Jane A Linderbaum4 ;   Dale Zwart5 ;   Farrell J Lloyd2
Article Authors Cited by (12) Tweetations (4) Metrics

    Original Paper

    1Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States

    2Knowledge Delivery Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States

    3Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States

    4Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States

    5Alpinspire, LLC, Littleton, CO, United States

    Corresponding Author:

    David A Cook, MD, MHPE

    Division of General Internal Medicine

    Mayo Clinic College of Medicine

    Mayo 17W, 200 First Street SW

    Rochester, MN, 55905

    United States

    Phone: 1 507 266 4156

    Fax:1 507 284 5370

    Email: cook.david33@mayo.edu


    Background: Effective knowledge translation at the point of care requires that clinicians quickly find correct answers to clinical questions, and that they have appropriate confidence in their answers. Web-based knowledge resources can facilitate this process.

    Objective: The objective of our study was to evaluate a novel Web-based knowledge resource in comparison with other available Web-based resources, using outcomes of accuracy, time, and confidence.

    Methods: We conducted a controlled, crossover trial involving 59 practicing clinicians. Each participant answered questions related to two clinical scenarios. For one scenario, participants used a locally developed Web-based resource, and for the second scenario, they used other self-selected Web-based resources. The local knowledge resource (“AskMayoExpert”) was designed to provide very concise evidence-based answers to commonly asked clinical questions. Outcomes included time to a correct response with at least 80% confidence (primary outcome), accuracy, time, and confidence.

    Results: Answers were more often accurate when using the local resource than when using other Web-based resources, with odds ratio 6.2 (95% CI 2.6-14.5; P<.001) when averaged across scenarios. Time to find an answer was faster, and confidence in that answer was consistently higher, for the local resource (P<.001). Overconfidence was also less frequent with the local resource. In a time-to-event analysis, the chance of responding correctly with at least 80% confidence was 2.5 times greater when using the local resource than with other resources (95% CI 1.6-3.8; P<.001).

    Conclusions: Clinicians using a Web-based knowledge resource designed to provide quick, concise answers at the point of care found answers with greater accuracy and confidence than when using other self-selected Web-based resources. Further study to improve the design and implementation of knowledge resources may improve point of care learning.

    Interact J Med Res 2014;3(1):e7

    doi:10.2196/ijmr.2811

    Keywords

    medical education; Web-based learning; educational technology; clinical decision support; health information technology 


    Point of Care Questions

    Ongoing advances in clinical medicine create new opportunities for patient-centered, high-value, personalized care, but the realization of this potential will require new models for translating evidence into practice. Clinicians frequently identify knowledge gaps while seeing patients [1,2], but many such point of care questions remain unanswered because busy clinicians cannot find answers in a timely fashion [3-5]. Increased speed and ease in finding accurate answers would improve practice efficiency and productivity; and over time might prompt clinicians to seek point of care information support as a routine part of their daily practice. In addition to speed and accuracy, effective knowledge translation requires that clinicians be appropriately confident in the answers they find—both overconfidence and lack of confidence will lead to suboptimal care [6].

    Web-based knowledge resources can facilitate the translation of evidence into point of care practice [7], but current resources do not optimally address the potentially conflicting requirements of concise, complete, timely, balanced, and practical information [8-11]. To address these needs, we have developed a knowledge resource—“AskMayoExpert”—designed to provide very concise evidence-based answers to clinical questions (Textbox 1) [12]. The "frequently asked questions" (FAQ) feature of this multifaceted resource offers highly synthesized synopses of evidence [13] to satisfy focused point of care information needs. A comprehensive description and initial evaluation of AskMayoExpert has been published separately [12]; the present paper describes a study evaluating AskMayoExpert's FAQ feature.

    Purpose of the Present Study

    The purpose of the present study was to evaluate this new knowledge resource in comparison with other available Web-based resources (such as, but not limited to or specifically targeting, UpToDate, MD Consult, PubMed, and Google). We hypothesized that the local resource would facilitate faster and equally accurate answers to clinical questions.

    Development and features of the AskMayoExpert Web-based knowledge resource.

    The AskMayoExpert Web-based knowledge resource [12] provides highly synthesized synopses of evidence to support rapid, accurate point of care decision making, and to facilitate the development of “gist” learning for long-term retention [14]. Each evidence synopsis is written as an answer to a common clinical FAQ, and is targeted to the needs and background understanding of a nonspecialist in that topic. All content is reviewed, revised, and approved by a content board of subspecialist experts and a senior physician editor, and is reviewed at least annually. Institutional leaders have endorsed this information as a quality standard for the entire institution.

    Topics and FAQs have been added gradually, with priority determined by frequency, implications of mismanagement, and novelty of information (common, serious, and new/controversial topics receive top priority). At the time of this study AskMayoExpert contained 2478 FAQs on 490 disease-oriented topics.

    Additional features (not relevant to the present study) include a directory of local topic experts, care process models (algorithms describing institution-approved ideal care pathways), clinical notifications of urgent test results, and patient education information. AskMayoExpert is available on the institution Intranet.

    Textbox 1. Development and features of the AskMayoExpert Web-based knowledge resource.

    Overview and Setting

    We conducted a controlled crossover trial in which clinicians answered one case-based question using a locally developed resource designed to provide concise answers, and another question using other Web-based resources of their choosing. The study took place at campuses of an academic medical center in Rochester, Minnesota; Jacksonville, Florida; and Scottsdale, Arizona, and an affiliated primary care clinic in Mankato, Minnesota, during March and April 2009. All staff at all sites have institution-sponsored access to several commercial knowledge resources including UpToDate, MD Consult, and Micromedex, in addition to publicly available Web-based resources. The Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board approved the study protocol.

    Independent Variable

    We created paper booklets containing two brief clinical scenarios (one scenario for each knowledge resource condition; Textbox 2), each with one key question about management. Scenario A focused on a common problem that is often managed without consideration of current evidence (atrial fibrillation—indications for stroke prevention anticoagulation), while Scenario B focused on an infrequently diagnosed condition for which management would be unfamiliar (apical ballooning syndrome—timing of follow-up). We created two versions of the booklets, one with Scenario A coming first (booklet A), and the other with Scenario B coming first (booklet B). Each booklet instructed participants to use AskMayoExpert to answer the first question, and to use any other Web-based resource to answer the second question (crossover design). Rather than selecting a specific "other" resource, we allowed participants to make this choice so that they could use a resource they felt was likely to give them an answer and with which they were comfortable.

    Outcome measures—scenarios and questions.

    Scenario A.

    Please answer the following question using [assigned format].

    A 56-year-old male was readmitted to the hospital with his second episode of atrial fibrillation and a rapid ventricular response in the last 2 months. He has severe sleep apnea and he uses CPAPa at home. There is no prior history of stroke, coronary artery disease, diabetes, or hypertension. He is a one-pack-per-day smoker, but is trying to quit (20 pack-years). He began taking diltiazem, metoprolol and aspirin after his first episode one month ago. His initial blood pressure is 110/70 and his heart rate is 110.

    Record start time—

    Mark only one best answer—The moderate or high-risk indication for stroke prevention using Coumadin and not aspirin is which of the following? CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; ECG: electrocardiogram; CCU: coronary care unit; Echo: echocardiogram; EF: ejection fraction.

    1. Uncontrolled heart rate
    2. Severe sleep apnea
    3. Smoking history
    4. Patient’s age
    5. None, aspirin is appropriate for this patient [correct response]

    Record end time—

    Indicate your confidence about the above answer. [11-point scale ranging from 0%-100%]

    Did you know the answer beforehand? Yes / No

     

     

    Scenario B.

    Please answer the following question using [assigned format].

    A 72-year-old female was admitted to the hospital for severe constipation. During a digital disimpaction, she developed chest pain and shortness of breath. Initial ECG revealed new ST segment depression consistent with ischemia. Initial troponin T was slightly elevated at 0.04. She was transferred to CCU. Cardiac catheterization revealed normal coronary arteries. An Echo (EF=25%; 6 months prior EF=56%) was consistent with apical ballooning syndrome.

    Record start time—

    Mark only one best answer—What is the recommendation for follow up Echo to assess ejection fraction progression?

    1. 48-72 hours
    2. 1-2 weeks
    3. 4-6 weeks [correct response]
    4. 8-10 weeks

    Record end time—

    Indicate your confidence about the above answer. [11-point scale ranging from 0%-100%]

    Did you know the answer beforehand? Yes / No

    Textbox 2. Outcome measures—scenarios and questions.

    Participants, Group Allocation, and Procedures

    We sent an email to all clinicians (practicing physicians, physicians in training, senior medical students, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners) who had used AskMayoExpert at least once (N=1474), inviting them to attend a noon study session to evaluate AskMayoExpert. There were two date options in Rochester and one at each other site. Those who were willing to participate and available at the required time came to one of the five face-to-face sessions. At each session booklets A and B were placed in a single stack with alternating format. Participants took the top booklet as they entered the room, and this determined group allocation (ie, to answer the atrial fibrillation scenario first, with the local resource, or second, using other resources). Each clinician then used a separate computer to answer the two questions using Web-based resources, as instructed. Participants were asked not to discuss the scenarios or answers with one another. No incentives were provided other than lunch during the session.

    Outcome Measures and Data Collection

    Main dependent variables were accuracy of response, confidence in that response, and time to generate that response. Each scenario was associated with one multiple choice question (Textbox 2). Scenarios and questions were developed by a general internist (author FJL) and revised with input from two cardiology experts (author JL and another cardiologist). This group determined answers by reference to specific literature sources. During the session participants recorded the time they started and ended their search to answer the question. They also indicated their confidence in their answer (11-point ordinal scale ranging 0% to 100% confident) and whether they knew the answer beforehand. We asked, “What resources do you use to answer clinical questions?,” but did not verify whether they used these resources during this test session. We also collected demographic information (gender and specialty).

    Statistical Analysis

    The prespecified primary outcome was the time to a correct response with at least 80% confidence. Secondary outcomes included percent correct, time to an incorrect response, and confidence in the response.

    We report median rather than mean confidence score and time because these did not follow a normal distribution. To compare accuracy between resource formats across both scenarios, we used generalized linear models with a logit link function and repeated measures on subjects. To compare time and confidence between resource formats, we performed a similar repeated measures analysis using mixed effects analysis of variance on the ranked outcomes. In a sensitivity analysis, we repeated these analyses separately for practicing physicians, nonphysician practitioners, and physician trainees. The time to a confident, correct answer was evaluated with a competing risks model [15] predicted by scenario, study intervention, and the interaction of outcome type and study intervention, with repeated measures on subjects. A two-sided 5% type I error was used for all analyses. As a pilot study, we powered the study for a large effect (Cohen’s d 0.8), which required 52 participants to achieve 80% power. Author FE (a PhD statistician) planned all analyses. We used SAS 9.1.3 for all analyses.


    Participants

    There were 59 clinicians that participated, including 28 practicing physicians, 14 physician assistants/nurse practitioners, 10 postgraduate physician trainees, 6 senior medical students, and 1 licensed clinical social worker. Table 1 contains additional demographic information. The 59 participants were similar to those invited, but not participating, in characteristics of gender, years of service, and training level (P>.10; data not shown). The proportions of participants who reported knowing the answer beforehand were similar for the local and other resources. The number of participants per session varied from 2 to 22.

    Accuracy, Confidence, and Time

    Overall accuracy, confidence, and time are shown in Table 2. Answers were more often accurate when using the local resource than when using other Web-based resources, with odds ratio 6.2 (95% CI 2.6-14.5; P<.001) when averaged across scenarios. Time to find an answer was faster, and confidence in that answer was consistently higher, for the local resource (P<.001; Table 2). In a sensitivity analysis, we performed these analyses separately for practicing physicians, nonphysician practitioners, and trainees; results showed the same direction of effect, but given low power did not always reach statistical significance (data not reported).

    Table 3 shows that inappropriate confidence (overconfidence) was less frequent with the local resource. Among confident clinicians (those with ≥80% confidence), the odds of being correct (vs incorrect) were 10.0 times higher for the local resource than for other resources for Scenario A (95% CI 1.4-78), and for Scenario B the odds ratio was 3.4 (95% CI 0.6-23.6).

    Time to an Accurate and Confident Response

    In the primary outcome analysis, a time-to-event competing risk model, only clinicians who achieved an accurate and confident (≥80%) response were considered to have a positive outcome. In this analysis, the chance of being correct and confident at a given time was 2.5 times higher for the local resource than with other resources (95% CI 1.6-3.8; P<.001).

    Other Resources Used in Practice

    We asked participants what resources other than AskMayoExpert they use to answer clinical questions, but did not verify that they used these resources during this test session. The resources most commonly reported were UpToDate (48/58, 83% respondents), Micromedex (38/58, 66%), PubMed and Google (34/58, 59% each), and MEDLINE (24/58, 41%).

    Table 1. Participant demographics.
    Feature
    		All, N=59AskMayoExpert for Scenario A, n=30Other for Scenario A, n=29
    Training levela, n (%)




    		Staff MD28 (47)12 (40)16 (55)

    		PA/NP14 (24)10 (33)4 (14)

    		PG10 (17)5 (17)5 (17)

    		MS6 (10)3 (10)3 (10)

    		LCSW1 (2)01 (4)
    Genderb, n (%)




    		Male35 (59)15 (50)20 (69)
    Sitec, n (%)




    		Rochester, MN23 (39)12 (40)11 (38)

    		Jacksonville, FL22 (37)11 (37)11 (38)

    		Scottsdale, AZ13 (22)7 (23)6 (21)

    		Mankato, MN1 (2)01 (4)c
    Knew answer beforehandd, n (%)



    		Scenario A5 (9)3 (10)2 (8)

    		Scenario B11 (20)7 (24)4 (15)

    aBetween-groups comparison across all training levels: P=.38. Staff MD: staff physician; PA/NP: physician\'s assistant/nurse practitioner; PG: postgraduate physician trainee; MS: medical student; and LCSW: licensed clinical social worker.

    bBetween-groups comparison: P=.19.

    cBetween-groups comparison across all sites: P=1.0. One additional person participated in Mankato, but data were largely incomplete and this participant\'s data are not included in any analyses.

    dReported by participants after answering the question. Between-groups comparison, Scenario A: P=1.0; Scenario B: P=.51.

    Table 2. Accuracy, confidence, and time to answer question.

    		Scenario AScenario B

    		Accuracy
    n correct (%)    		Confidencea
    median (IQR)    		Timea
    median (IQR)    		Accuracy
    n correct (%)    		Confidencea
    median (IQR)    		Timea
    median (IQR)
    Local resource27/30 (90)100 (95, 100)2 (1, 3)24/29 (83)90 (70, 100)4 (3, 5)
    Other Web-based resources14/29 (48)60 (30, 80)3.5 (2, 8)16/30 (53)80 (70, 90)4 (3, 6)

    aConfidence measured using an ordinal scale, 0%, 10%, …100% confident; time measured in minutes; IQR: interquartile range.

    Table 3. Accuracy of and confidence in responses.

    		Incorrect, but confidenta
    n confident (%)    		Correct, but not confidenta
    n confident (%)

    		Scenario AScenario BScenario AScenario B
    Local3/28 (11)3/22 (14)2/2 (100)4/7 (57)
    Other6/11 (55)7/20 (35)9/18 (50)3/10 (30)

    aConfidence > 80%


    Summary of Findings

    We found that accuracy was significantly higher, and overconfidence was lower, when using a concise locally developed resource (AskMayoExpert) than when using another Web-based resource selected by the participant. Time slightly favored the local resource, but the difference was not statistically significant. However, in the prespecified primary analysis, after accounting for time, the chance of correctly and confidently answering the question was 2.5 times higher for the local resource.

    Limitations and Strengths

    The use of a locally developed knowledge resource, and clinical scenarios restricted to cardiology, limit the generalizability of our findings. Moreover, these scenarios could have inadvertently targeted content unique to the local resource (ie, giving it an unfair advantage), although we are not aware of such bias. We did not track the resources used when addressing the second scenario. Time was recorded by participants, and thus susceptible to error. Although we achieved overall statistical significance in the primary outcome, Scenario A accounts for the majority of the difference in time in this analysis. We had low response to our initial invitation, and although measured demographics were similar, participants could be systematically different than nonparticipants in unmeasured attributes. Confidence in the local resource could have been influenced by knowledge that local colleagues created information. Group assignment was not strictly random; but since participants used both knowledge resources during the study, neither they nor the study proctor had incentive to deliberately influence the assignment process. Moreover, the crossover design offers within-subjects control for individual differences. Another strength is the measurement of three key outcomes (accuracy, time, and confidence).

    Comparison With Prior Work

    Synthesized knowledge resources (in which experts attempt to present a balanced summary of evidence, such as UpToDate, DynaMed, and MD Consult) have been compared with one another [16-19] and with unsynthesized resources (that provide access to primary literature, such as PubMed) [18,20,21] in both clinical practice and in test settings. In these studies, the synthesized knowledge resource is consistently faster and/or more accurate. The findings of the present study show a similar effect, namely, that a concise evidence-based resource designed expressly for point of care learning facilitates quick, accurate answers to clinical questions.

    Implications and Conclusions

    Although this pilot study has several limitations, it demonstrates that important differences exist among knowledge resources. Specifically, a resource crafted to provide quick, concise answers at the point of care was associated with more accurate responses, and faster time to an accurate response, than other clinician-selected Web-based resources. Future research might explore how to design and implement knowledge resources more effectively, investigate how to encourage clinicians to optimally use them to enhance patient care, and determine their clinical impact on patient health and systems outcomes.

    Acknowledgments

    The authors thank Steve R Ommen, MD, and Rick A Nishimura, MD, for their contributions to study planning and the development of study materials. This work was funded by philanthropic support from generous benefactors. The funding sources for this study played no role in the design and conduct of the study; in the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or in the preparation of the manuscript. The funding sources did not review the manuscript.

    Conflicts of Interest

    None declared.

    1. Smith R. What clinical information do doctors need? BMJ 1996 Oct 26;313(7064):1062-1068 [FREE Full text] [Medline]
    2. Davies K, Harrison J. The information-seeking behaviour of doctors: A review of the evidence. Health Info Libr J 2007 Jun;24(2):78-94. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    3. Ely JW, Osheroff JA, Ebell MH, Bergus GR, Levy BT, Chambliss ML, et al. Analysis of questions asked by family doctors regarding patient care. BMJ 1999 Aug 7;319(7206):358-361 [FREE Full text] [Medline]
    4. González-González AI, Dawes M, Sánchez-Mateos J, Riesgo-Fuertes R, Escortell-Mayor E, Sanz-Cuesta T, et al. Information needs and information-seeking behavior of primary care physicians. Ann Fam Med 2007;5(4):345-352 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    5. Coumou HC, Meijman FJ. How do primary care physicians seek answers to clinical questions? A literature review. J Med Libr Assoc 2006 Jan;94(1):55-60 [FREE Full text] [Medline]
    6. Berner ES, Graber ML. Overconfidence as a cause of diagnostic error in medicine. Am J Med 2008 May;121(5 Suppl):S2-23. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    7. Lobach D, Sanders GD, Bright TJ, Wong A, Dhurjati R, Bristow E, et al. Enabling health care decisionmaking through clinical decision support and knowledge management. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 2012 Apr(203):1-784. [Medline]
    8. Banzi R, Liberati A, Moschetti I, Tagliabue L, Moja L. A review of online evidence-based practice point-of-care information summary providers. J Med Internet Res 2010;12(3):e26 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    9. Cook DA, Sorensen KJ, Wilkinson JM, Berger RA. Barriers and decisions when answering clinical questions at the point of care: A grounded theory study. JAMA Intern Med 2013 Nov 25;173(21):1962-1969. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    10. Jeffery R, Navarro T, Lokker C, Haynes RB, Wilczynski NL, Farjou G. How current are leading evidence-based medical textbooks? An analytic survey of four online textbooks. J Med Internet Res 2012;14(6):e175 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    11. Prorok JC, Iserman EC, Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB. The quality, breadth, and timeliness of content updating vary substantially for 10 online medical texts: an analytic survey. J Clin Epidemiol 2012 Dec;65(12):1289-1295. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    12. Cook DA, Sorensen KJ, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Lloyd FJ. A comprehensive system to support physician learning at the point of care. Acad Med; (in press) 2014 (forthcoming)(forthcoming)(forthcoming).
    13. DiCenso A, Bayley L, Haynes RB. ACP Journal Club. Editorial: Accessing preappraised evidence: fine-tuning the 5S model into a 6S model. Ann Intern Med 2009 Sep 15;151(6):JC3-2, JC3. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    14. Lloyd FJ, Reyna VF. Clinical gist and medical education: Connecting the dots. JAMA 2009 Sep 23;302(12):1332-1333. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    15. Lunn M, McNeil D. Applying Cox regression to competing risks. Biometrics 1995 Jun;51(2):524-532. [Medline]
    16. Ahmadi SF, Faghankhani M, Javanbakht A, Akbarshahi M, Mirghorbani M, Safarnejad B, et al. A comparison of answer retrieval through four evidence-based textbooks (ACP PIER, Essential Evidence Plus, First Consult, and UpToDate): A randomized controlled trial. Med Teach 2011;33(9):724-730. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    17. Cao Y, Liu F, Simpson P, Antieau L, Bennett A, Cimino JJ, et al. AskHERMES: An online question answering system for complex clinical questions. J Biomed Inform 2011 Apr;44(2):277-288 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    18. Thiele RH, Poiro NC, Scalzo DC, Nemergut EC. Speed, accuracy, and confidence in Google, Ovid, PubMed, and UpToDate: Results of a randomised trial. Postgrad Med J 2010 Aug;86(1018):459-465. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    19. Kronenfeld MR, Bay RC, Coombs W. Survey of user preferences from a comparative trial of UpToDate and ClinicalKey. J Med Libr Assoc 2013 Apr;101(2):151-154 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    20. Hoogendam A, Stalenhoef AF, Robbé PF, Overbeke AJ. Answers to questions posed during daily patient care are more likely to be answered by UpToDate than PubMed. J Med Internet Res 2008;10(4):e29 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    21. Sayyah Ensan L, Faghankhani M, Javanbakht A, Ahmadi SF, Baradaran HR. To compare PubMed Clinical Queries and UpToDate in teaching information mastery to clinical residents: A crossover randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2011;6(8):e23487 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]

    ‎
    CI: confidence interval
    FAQ: frequently asked questions

    Edited by G Eysenbach; submitted 02.07.13; peer-reviewed by MA Mayer, M Kim, P Wicks; comments to author 22.10.13; revised version received 22.11.13; accepted 09.01.14; published 21.02.14

    Copyright

    ©Mayo Foundation. Originally published in the Interactive Journal of Medical Research (http://www.i-jmr.org/), 21.02.2014.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Interactive Journal of Medical Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.i-jmr.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.